Why Four Scientists Were Trapped for a Year in a Replica of Mars | Science

Just half a century ago, flights to Mars were the stuff of science fiction.

These days, scientists are seriously considering what skills future colonists of the Red Planet will need, how they will survive the long journey there, and how prepared they will be for the hostile and uninhabitable conditions.

It takes a special kind of person to live in space. How will astronauts handle it?

To answer these questions, on June 25 of last year, four American astronauts – Kelly Huston, Ross Brockwell, Nathan Jones, and Anca Cellario – made a “space flight.”

Not to Mars of course, but to 3D printed version of a Mars habitatIn simple terms: a structure designed to house astronauts and their equipment on Mars.

The structure is located at a training base at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.

There, scientists tried to replicate as much as possible. The conditions in which future colonists might live.

The year-long “confinement” of the four chosen was the longest and most comprehensive spaceflight simulation ever conducted.

Over the past year, scientists have been monitoring the mission participants remotely, periodically assigning them tasks and continuously collecting data on their physical and mental health.

The “journey” officially ended on Saturday, July 6. Researchers hope to discover How do people live together for a long time, without conflicts, without loved ones and without deterioration of their mental health.

The four people who took part in the experiment last saw the sky more than a year ago.

For about 370 days, they lived in complete isolation as part of the Chapea (short for Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog) program.

There was no shortage of candidates: more than 10,000 applications were sent for the four “Martian Volunteer” positions advertised by NASA.

The overall objective of the mission is to study Physiological and psychological effects of long-distance space travel (The shortest trip to Mars would take nine months one way) and almost complete social isolation in humans.

The Mars module, which mimics the surface of the Red Planet, has an area of ​​about 160 square meters and was built using a 3D printer.

Scientists believe that 3D printing could be a way to build homes on Mars. Since the planet is millions of kilometers away, transporting building materials there is not practical.

Colonists will have to make do with materials already present on Mars: dust and sand. It is hoped that these will form the basis of material for 3D printing modules.

'Houston we have a problem'

It's impossible to fully replicate the hostile conditions of Mars on Earth, says Susan Bell, head of NASA's Behavioral Health and Performance Laboratory at Johnson Space Center.

After all, Mars has an unbreathable atmosphere, microgravity and strong radiation.

But Chapaia is doing everything he can to prepare future colonists for the variety of challenges the crew will inevitably face during a real mission to Mars.

Throughout the year, participants ate exclusively foods that could survive a long spaceflight (i.e. canned foods) and foods they grew themselves in a specially designed “Martian greenhouse.”

One of the main problems a real-life team might face (and which was replicated in this experiment) is: High delay in communication Because of the distance between Mars and Earth.

If humans on Mars wanted to communicate with mission control, it would take 22 minutes for any signal from Earth to reach the Martian surface.

It takes the same amount of time to send a return. In other words, it will take about 45 minutes to receive an answer to a question.

This means that if difficulties arise, the crew will not be able to rely on help from Earth and will have to solve the problem independently.

The organizers designed the experience in order to: Unexpected difficulties and unpleasant situations include:From intermittent voice communications to sudden failures of small equipment.

According to Susan Bell, this is necessary to check how crew members react to stress in conditions of complete isolation.

To participate, volunteers must have at least a master's degree in natural sciences and have experience flying aircraft or completing military training.

Kelly Haston, who became the mission's leader, is a trained physician specializing in developing stem cell therapies for diseases.

Brockwell is a design engineer, Jones is a military physician, and Sellario is a microbiologist with experience in the U.S. Navy.

To ensure the crew was suitable for the program, they had to undergo the same physical and psychological tests as professional astronauts.

Proponents of human missions to Mars believe that data obtained from Chapa will help develop new technologies and methods for training astronauts and will help make long-term space travel safe and efficient.

However, many critics see this approach as too optimistic.

They question the need for manned flights to Mars, considering them too risky and expensive.

Ultimately, the vast majority of tasks that will be assigned to future colonists can also be performed by robots, at much lower cost and without any risk to human life.

This risk is, to say the least, high.

As Lev Zeleny, scientific director of the Space Research Institute and vice president of the Russian Academy of Sciences, points out, the Chapaia program does not answer the question of how to safely transport people to Mars.

Outside Earth's magnetic field, powerful radiation could put astronauts traveling to the Red Planet at risk.

Zeleny claims that technical solutions to protect astronauts from harmful radiation have not yet been invented, and therefore he is skeptical about “Martian training.”

“Let them exercise,” he says. “Brush their teeth and exercise. Either way, it won't hurt them.”